{"id":387549,"date":"2023-01-06T04:44:29","date_gmt":"2023-01-06T04:44:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/magazineoffice.com\/de-napoleon-a-harry-potter-de-donde-viene-la-tradicion-del-uniforme-escolar\/"},"modified":"2023-01-06T04:44:31","modified_gmt":"2023-01-06T04:44:31","slug":"de-napoleon-a-harry-potter-de-donde-viene-la-tradicion-del-uniforme-escolar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/magazineoffice.com\/de-napoleon-a-harry-potter-de-donde-viene-la-tradicion-del-uniforme-escolar\/","title":{"rendered":"De Napole\u00f3n a Harry Potter: \u00bfde d\u00f3nde viene la tradici\u00f3n del uniforme escolar?"},"content":{"rendered":"


\n<\/p>\n

ENTREVISTA – Para hablar sobre los uniformes escolares a lo largo de la historia, Virginie Girod recibe a la historiadora Laurence de Cock, doctora en ciencias de la educaci\u00f3n y autora \u00abD’une jour fascist. Elise and C\u00e9lestin Freinet, pedagogues and activists\u00bb (Editions Agone). Este especialista lo aclara de inmediato: el uniforme en la escuela es una tradici\u00f3n nacida en Inglaterra hasta las im\u00e1genes que transmite el universo de Harry Potter por ejemplo, pero los interrogantes en torno a la escuela est\u00e1n por su parte \u00abvinculados a la historia estrictamente francesa de la educaci\u00f3n y en particular, el dominio absoluto de la religi\u00f3n durante mucho tiempo sobre esta educaci\u00f3n\u00bb. <\/title><meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Europe 1\"\/><meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"INTERVIEW - Pour \u00e9voquer les uniformes \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9cole \u00e0 travers l\u2019Histoire, Virginie Girod re\u00e7oit l\u2019historienne, Laurence de Cock, docteure en sciences de l'\u00e9ducation et auteure \"D'une journ\u00e9e fasciste. Elise et C\u00e9lestin Freinet, p\u00e9dagogues et militants\" (Editions Agone). Cette sp\u00e9cialiste le pr\u00e9cise imm\u00e9diatement : l\u2019uniforme \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9cole est une tradition n\u00e9e en Angleterre jusqu\u2019aux images v\u00e9hicul\u00e9es par l\u2019univers d\u2019Harry Potter par exemple, mais les questionnements autour de l\u2019\u00e9cole sont quant \u00e0 eux \"li\u00e9s \u00e0 l'histoire proprement fran\u00e7aise de l'\u00e9ducation et en particulier \u00e0 la mainmise pendant tr\u00e8s longtemps de la religion sur cette \u00e9ducation\". \"\/><meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Si l\u2019on remonte dans l\u2019Histoire, l\u2019uniforme \"n'a pas une vocation \u00e0 uniformiser. Il a une vocation \u00e0 distinguer, en l'occurrence distinguer la masse des incultes, d\u2019une forme d\u2019\u00e9lite\", pr\u00e9cise encore Laurence de Cock qui cite d\u2019abord l\u2019importance des lyc\u00e9es sous Napol\u00e9on puis la rupture cr\u00e9\u00e9e par Mai 68 et l\u2019abandon de la \"blouse\". \"Mai 68, c'est une lib\u00e9ration des corps et l'uniforme et la blouse pouvaient \u00eatre consid\u00e9r\u00e9s comme une forme de discipline des corps, de soumission \u00e0 un ordre\", analyse encore cette historienne.\"\/><meta name=\"description\" content=\"Si l\u2019on remonte dans l\u2019Histoire, l\u2019uniforme \"n'a pas une vocation \u00e0 uniformiser. Il a une vocation \u00e0 distinguer, en l'occurrence distinguer la masse des incultes, d\u2019une forme d\u2019\u00e9lite\", pr\u00e9cise encore Laurence de Cock qui cite d\u2019abord l\u2019importance des lyc\u00e9es sous Napol\u00e9on puis la rupture cr\u00e9\u00e9e par Mai 68 et l\u2019abandon de la \"blouse\". \"Mai 68, c'est une lib\u00e9ration des corps et l'uniforme et la blouse pouvaient \u00eatre consid\u00e9r\u00e9s comme une forme de discipline des corps, de soumission \u00e0 un ordre\", analyse encore cette historienne.\"\/><meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\"\/><meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index,follow,max-snippet:-1,max-image-preview:large,max-video-preview:-1\"\/><meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"video\"\/><meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.europe1.fr\/emissions\/Au-coeur-de-l-histoire\/de-napoleon-a-harry-potter-dou-vient-la-tradition-de-luniforme-a-lecole-4158938\"\/><meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@Europe1\"\/><meta name=\"twitter:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.europe1.fr\/emissions\/Au-coeur-de-l-histoire\/de-napoleon-a-harry-potter-dou-vient-la-tradition-de-luniforme-a-lecole-4158938\"\/><meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\"\/><meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/cdn-europe1.lanmedia.fr\/var\/europe1\/storage\/images\/europe1\/emissions\/au-coeur-de-l-histoire\/de-napoleon-a-harry-potter-dou-vient-la-tradition-de-luniforme-a-lecole-4158938\/59618824-1-fre-FR\/De-Napoleon-a-Harry-Potter-d-ou-vient-la-tradition-de-l-uniforme-a-l-ecole.jpg\"\/><meta property=\"fb:pages\" content=\"223401325619\"\/><meta property=\"al:android:app_name\" content=\"Europe 1\"\/><meta property=\"al:android:package\" content=\"com.ldf.europe1.view\"\/><meta property=\"al:ios:app_store_id\" content=\"345872583\"\/><meta property=\"al:ios:app_name\" content=\"Europe1\"\/><meta property=\"al:android:url\" content=\"europe1:\/\/news\/4158938\"\/><meta property=\"al:ios:url\" content=\"europe1:\/\/news\/4158938\"\/><link rel=\"apple-touch-icon\" sizes=\"60x60\" href=\"https:\/\/cdn-europe1.lanmedia.fr\/europe1\/apple-touch-icon.png\"\/><link rel=\"icon\" type=\"image\/png\" href=\"https:\/\/cdn-europe1.lanmedia.fr\/europe1\/favicon-32x32.png\" sizes=\"32x32\"\/><link rel=\"icon\" type=\"image\/png\" href=\"https:\/\/cdn-europe1.lanmedia.fr\/europe1\/favicon-16x16.png\" sizes=\"16x16\"\/><link rel=\"manifest\" href=\"https:\/\/cdn-europe1.lanmedia.fr\/europe1\/manifest.json\"\/><link rel=\"mask-icon\" href=\"https:\/\/cdn-europe1.lanmedia.fr\/europe1\/safari-pinned-tab.svg\" color=\"#5bbad5\"\/><link rel=\"shortcut icon\" href=\"https:\/\/cdn-europe1.lanmedia.fr\/europe1\/favicon.ico\"\/><link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/www.europe1.fr\/emissions\/Au-coeur-de-l-histoire\/cdn-europe1.lanmedia.fr\"\/><link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/resize-europe1.lanmedia.fr\"\/><link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\"\/><link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/api.dmcdn.net\"\/><link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/cdn.jwplayer.com\"\/><link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/ssl.p.jwpcdn.com\"\/><link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/logs1242.xiti.com\"\/><link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.gstatic.com\"\/><link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/cdn.tagcommander.com\"\/><link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/www.googletagmanager.com\"\/><link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/cdn-alliancegravity.s3.amazonaws.com\"\/><link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/prof.estat.com\"\/><link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/api.lejdd.fr\"\/><link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/vendorlist.consensu.org\"\/><link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/js.agkn.com\"\/><link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/ajax.googleapis.com\"\/><link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/static1.dmcdn.net\"\/><link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/www.google-analytics.com\"\/><meta name=\"msapplication-TileColor\" content=\"#2d89ef\"\/><meta name=\"msapplication-config\" content=\"https:\/\/cdn-europe1.lanmedia.fr\/europe1\/browserconfig.xml\"\/><meta name=\"theme-color\" content=\"#ffffff\"\/><link rel=\"amphtml\" href=\"https:\/\/www.europe1.fr\/emissions\/Au-coeur-de-l-histoire\/de-napoleon-a-harry-potter-dou-vient-la-tradition-de-luniforme-a-lecole-4158938.amp\"\/><link href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css?family=Fira+Sans:400,400i,500,700,700i|Roboto:400,500,900|Roboto+Condensed:400,700&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"\/><link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/www.europe1.fr\/assets\/europe1\/main_head.4747a576.css\"\/><link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/www.europe1.fr\/assets\/europe1\/react.477a2302.css\"\/><link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/www.europe1.fr\/assets\/europe1\/article_css.1820c47e.css\"\/><link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/www.europe1.fr\/assets\/europe1\/main_old_css.e637eef5.css\"\/><link rel=\"apple-touch-icon\" sizes=\"76x76\" href=\"https:\/\/cdn-europe1.lanmedia.fr\/europe1\/apple-touch-icon.png\"\/><link rel=\"icon\" type=\"image\/png\" sizes=\"32x32\" href=\"https:\/\/cdn-europe1.lanmedia.fr\/europe1\/favicon-32x32.png\"\/><link rel=\"icon\" type=\"image\/png\" sizes=\"16x16\" href=\"https:\/\/cdn-europe1.lanmedia.fr\/europe1\/favicon-16x16.png\"\/><link rel=\"manifest\" href=\"https:\/\/cdn-europe1.lanmedia.fr\/europe1\/site.webmanifest\"\/><link rel=\"mask-icon\" href=\"https:\/\/cdn-europe1.lanmedia.fr\/europe1\/safari-pinned-tab.svg\" color=\"#5bbad5\"\/><link rel=\"shortcut icon\" href=\"https:\/\/cdn-europe1.lanmedia.fr\/europe1\/favicon.ico\"\/><meta name=\"msapplication-TileColor\" content=\"#2d89ef\"\/><meta name=\"msapplication-config\" content=\"https:\/\/cdn-europe1.lanmedia.fr\/europe1\/browserconfig.xml\"\/><meta name=\"theme-color\" content=\"#ffffff\"\/><\/head><body id=\"wp_automatic_ReadabilityBody\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" style=\"display:none\"><symbol id=\"icon-account\" viewbox=\"0 0 22 22\"><path d=\"M11 0a5 5 0 0 1 5 5v1A5 5 0 0 1 6 6V5a5 5 0 0 1 5-5zm0 1.8A3.2 3.2 0 0 0 7.8 5v1a3.2 3.2 0 1 0 6.4 0V5A3.2 3.2 0 0 0 11 1.8zM0 17.28C2.307 14.427 6.03 13 11.168 13c5.138 0 8.748 1.427 10.832 4.28V22H0v-4.72zm1.8 2.92h18.4v-2.295c-1.757-2.045-4.718-3.105-9.032-3.105-4.33 0-7.41 1.07-9.368 3.153V20.2z\"\/><\/symbol><symbol id=\"icon-search\" viewbox=\"0 0 19 19\"><path d=\"M12.914 14.186a7.9 7.9 0 1 1 1.273-1.273l4.743 4.744-1.273 1.273-4.743-4.744zM8 14.1A6.1 6.1 0 1 0 8 1.9a6.1 6.1 0 0 0 0 12.2z\"\/><\/symbol><symbol id=\"icon-e1\" viewbox=\"0 0 123 35\"><path d=\"M15.81 10.57c.833-.14 4.134-.14 4.968 0v9.612c0 .957.07 1.758.226 2.368.156.627.382 1.114.695 1.48.312.366.712.627 1.181.766.47.157 1.008.226 1.65.226.87 0 1.581-.087 2.172-.243V10.552c.834-.14 4.1-.14 4.934 0v18.145c-.747.26-5.472.417-6.793.417a20.09 20.09 0 0 1-3.44-.278c-1.094-.192-2.067-.592-2.884-1.202-.833-.61-1.494-1.497-1.98-2.664s-.73-2.734-.73-4.667V10.57zm18.276-.07c.347-.07.677-.122.99-.157.313-.035 1.72-.035 2.067.018.33.052.678.104.99.174.07.122.14.278.192.505.052.226.104.453.156.696.052.244.087.488.122.732.034.243.069.452.086.61a9.132 9.132 0 0 1 1.894-1.951c.747-.575 1.685-.853 2.797-.853.226 0 .504.017.8.034.295.018.52.053.66.105.052.226.086.505.104.8.017.297.034.628.034.941 0 .4-.017.836-.052 1.306-.034.47-.104.906-.19 1.341a4.321 4.321 0 0 0-.852-.07h-.573c-.4 0-.834.035-1.338.122a3.212 3.212 0 0 0-1.407.645c-.452.348-.817.87-1.112 1.584-.296.697-.435 1.69-.435 2.943v8.637c-.416.07-4.534.07-4.968 0V10.5h.035zm19.77 18.58c-1.477 0-2.745-.244-3.84-.714a7.245 7.245 0 0 1-2.692-2.003c-.713-.853-1.251-1.863-1.616-2.995-.365-1.15-.539-2.385-.539-3.726 0-1.341.174-2.595.54-3.761.364-1.167.902-2.177 1.615-3.03a7.48 7.48 0 0 1 2.693-2.02c1.077-.488 2.362-.731 3.839-.731 1.477 0 2.762.243 3.857.73 1.094.488 2.015 1.168 2.727 2.02.73.854 1.268 1.864 1.616 3.03.347 1.167.521 2.421.521 3.762 0 1.34-.174 2.577-.521 3.726a8.181 8.181 0 0 1-1.616 2.995c-.73.853-1.633 1.515-2.727 2.003-1.095.47-2.38.714-3.857.714zm0-3.796c1.303 0 2.241-.488 2.814-1.463.574-.975.852-2.368.852-4.197 0-1.828-.278-3.221-.852-4.196-.573-.975-1.511-1.463-2.814-1.463-1.286 0-2.206.488-2.78 1.463-.573.975-.851 2.368-.851 4.196 0 1.829.278 3.222.851 4.197.574.975 1.494 1.463 2.78 1.463zM64.28 10.5c.33-.07 3.353-.104 4.03.035.07.122.14.278.191.505.052.226.122.47.174.714.052.26.104.505.139.748.035.244.07.453.087.61.208-.366.469-.749.764-1.114.296-.366.678-.68 1.095-.958.434-.279.92-.505 1.46-.68a5.768 5.768 0 0 1 1.788-.26c1.008 0 1.946.191 2.815.557.869.365 1.633.94 2.293 1.706.66.766 1.164 1.707 1.529 2.856.365 1.15.538 2.507.538 4.075 0 1.514-.225 2.89-.66 4.092-.451 1.201-1.077 2.228-1.928 3.064-.834.836-1.876 1.498-3.075 1.95-1.216.453-2.589.68-4.135.68-.4 0-.782-.018-1.181-.053a8.78 8.78 0 0 1-.956-.122v6.008c-.451.07-4.534.07-4.968 0V10.5zm4.986 14.33c.625.192 1.355.28 2.171.28 1.442 0 2.554-.47 3.336-1.411.764-.94 1.164-2.35 1.164-4.249 0-.731-.052-1.393-.174-2.02-.121-.627-.313-1.149-.59-1.602a3.198 3.198 0 0 0-1.06-1.044c-.435-.262-.956-.384-1.599-.384-.59 0-1.077.105-1.494.331a2.62 2.62 0 0 0-.99.906c-.26.383-.452.836-.556 1.358a7.212 7.212 0 0 0-.174 1.654v6.182h-.034zm29.62-9.49c.348 1.063.522 2.195.522 3.414 0 .452-.018.888-.052 1.323a9.32 9.32 0 0 1-.122 1.027l-9.694.018c-.765-.035-1.633-.192-1.998-.888-.035-.035-.104-.035-.122.017-.382 1.341.47 3.117 1.65 3.918.956.627 2.068.94 3.51.94.8 0 1.598-.07 2.432-.226a12.74 12.74 0 0 0 2.363-.644c.243.47.47 1.027.66 1.689.191.662.296 1.358.313 2.107-1.824.696-3.874 1.045-6.167 1.045-1.686 0-3.128-.227-4.326-.697-1.2-.47-2.172-1.114-2.936-1.95-.765-.819-1.32-1.811-1.686-2.96-.364-1.15-.538-2.403-.538-3.762 0-1.34.174-2.594.556-3.76a9.08 9.08 0 0 1 1.668-3.048c.73-.87 1.65-1.55 2.727-2.055 1.095-.505 2.363-.748 3.805-.748 1.268 0 2.397.208 3.37.661a7.751 7.751 0 0 1 2.502 1.829c.695.766 1.216 1.689 1.563 2.75zm-11.24 2.3h7.07c-.034-1.115-.347-2.02-.92-2.717-.573-.68-1.372-1.027-2.397-1.027-1.164 0-2.05.313-2.658.975-.608.644-.973 1.567-1.095 2.768zm-72.931 6.686v4.353l-5.386.018c-1.233 0-2.415-.175-3.544-.366-1.13-.192-2.137-.61-2.988-1.236-.869-.627-1.546-1.55-2.05-2.752C.226 23.124 0 21.523 0 19.52V3.483h14.298v4.353H5.125v5.467h7.28v4.389h-7.28v1.776c0 .94.07 1.724.226 2.35.156.627.4 1.15.73 1.515.33.383.73.645 1.216.801.451.157 1.025.192 1.633.192h5.785zM118.883 0c2.345 0 4.013.122 4.013.14l-5.96 34.79c-.729.018-2.57.053-4.568.053h-.365c-1.737 0-3.3-.035-4.065-.053l4.204-24.865-5.195 2.02c-.33-.331-1.06-1.115-1.65-2.177a6.933 6.933 0 0 1-.625-1.707c-.035-.226-.07-.4-.087-.54l10.371-7.54S116.537 0 118.883 0z\"\/><\/symbol><symbol id=\"icon-embed\" viewbox=\"0 0 16 13\"><path d=\"M9.124.305l.065.013.702.207a.331.331 0 0 1 .223.41L6.858 11.964a.331.331 0 0 1-.41.223l-.702-.207a.33.33 0 0 1-.224-.41L8.778.541A.33.33 0 0 1 9.19.318zm1.957 1.722a.34.34 0 0 1 .468 0l3.99 3.99c.13.13.13.34 0 .469l-3.99 3.99a.331.331 0 0 1-.468 0l-.865-.865a.33.33 0 0 1 0-.468l2.892-2.892-2.892-2.891a.33.33 0 0 1 0-.468zm-6.76-.097c.088 0 .173.035.235.097l.865.865a.33.33 0 0 1 0 .468L2.529 6.251 5.42 9.143a.33.33 0 0 1 0 .468l-.864.865a.331.331 0 0 1-.468 0L.097 6.486a.331.331 0 0 1 0-.469l3.99-3.99a.331.331 0 0 1 .235-.097z\"\/><\/symbol><symbol id=\"icon-facebook\" viewbox=\"0 0 8 17\"><path d=\"M5.237 16.75H1.912V8.624H.25v-2.8h1.662V4.143C1.912 1.859 2.85.5 5.516.5h2.219v2.801H6.348c-1.038 0-1.107.391-1.107 1.122l-.004 1.401H7.75l-.294 2.8h-2.22v8.126h.001z\"\/><\/symbol><symbol id=\"icon-instagram\" viewbox=\"0 0 16 16\"><path d=\"M12.601.5H3.4A2.902 2.902 0 0 0 .5 3.399V12.6C.5 14.2 1.8 15.5 3.399 15.5H12.6c1.598 0 2.899-1.3 2.899-2.899V3.4C15.5 1.8 14.2.5 12.601.5zm.832 1.73l.331-.002V4.77l-2.534.008-.01-2.542 2.213-.007zM5.86 6.46c.48-.665 1.259-1.1 2.14-1.1.881 0 1.66.435 2.14 1.1.314.434.5.965.5 1.54A2.643 2.643 0 0 1 8 10.64 2.643 2.643 0 0 1 5.36 8c0-.575.187-1.106.5-1.54zm8.179 6.141c0 .793-.645 1.438-1.438 1.438H3.4A1.439 1.439 0 0 1 1.96 12.6v-6.14h2.24A4.072 4.072 0 0 0 3.9 8 4.106 4.106 0 0 0 8 12.102 4.107 4.107 0 0 0 12.102 8c0-.544-.11-1.064-.303-1.54h2.24v6.141z\"\/><\/symbol><symbol id=\"icon-link\" viewbox=\"0 0 14 14\"><path d=\"M6.232 4.501a3.267 3.267 0 0 1 2.31.957c.19.19.288.451.271.718a.933.933 0 0 1-.27.593.957.957 0 0 1-1.312 0 1.4 1.4 0 0 0-1.979 0l-2.98 2.977a1.4 1.4 0 1 0 1.982 1.981l1.761-1.764a.233.233 0 0 1 .255-.051c.474.193.981.291 1.493.29h.093a.233.233 0 0 1 .166.398l-2.45 2.45A3.267 3.267 0 0 1 .954 8.428l2.968-2.97a3.253 3.253 0 0 1 2.31-.957zM8.423.957a3.267 3.267 0 1 1 4.62 4.62l-2.97 2.97a3.266 3.266 0 0 1-1.514.859h-.026l-.135.028-.075.014-.161.023h-.08c-.06 0-.114.012-.165.014l-.14.016H7.6a3.248 3.248 0 0 1-.348-.032 3.783 3.783 0 0 1-.282-.059l-.138-.037c-.049-.014-.1-.03-.15-.05l-.074-.026-.075-.03c-.049-.02-.098-.039-.147-.062a3.239 3.239 0 0 1-.933-.653.933.933 0 0 1 0-1.316.957.957 0 0 1 1.311 0 1.4 1.4 0 0 0 1.979 0l.765-.761.019-.021 2.189-2.186a1.4 1.4 0 1 0-1.981-1.981L7.978 4.04a.233.233 0 0 1-.255.052 3.92 3.92 0 0 0-1.49-.292h-.087a.233.233 0 1 1-.17-.399z\"\/><\/symbol><symbol id=\"icon-linkedin\" viewbox=\"0 0 14 13\"><path d=\"M1.065 4.508h2.437V13H1.065V4.51zm1.156-1.062h-.017c-.882 0-1.454-.649-1.454-1.47C.75 1.135 1.339.5 2.238.5c.9 0 1.452.635 1.47 1.473 0 .822-.57 1.473-1.487 1.473zM13.25 13h-2.763V8.605c0-1.15-.432-1.934-1.382-1.934-.727 0-1.131.529-1.32 1.04-.07.183-.059.438-.059.694V13H4.99s.035-7.784 0-8.492h2.737v1.333c.162-.583 1.036-1.414 2.432-1.414 1.732 0 3.092 1.222 3.092 3.85V13z\"\/><\/symbol><symbol id=\"icon-linkto\" viewbox=\"0 0 16 16\"><path d=\"M14 16a2 2 0 0 0 2-2V2a2 2 0 0 0-2-2H2a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v6h2V2h12v12H8v2zm-8.667 0v-2h-2l7.334-7.333-1.334-1.334L2 12.667v-2H0V16h5.333z\"\/><\/symbol><symbol id=\"icon-mute-off\" viewbox=\"0 0 18 18\"><path d=\"M.75 6.188v5.549h3.667L9 16.36V1.565L4.417 6.188H.75zm12.375 2.775c0-1.665-.917-3.052-2.292-3.7v7.398c1.375-.647 2.292-2.034 2.292-3.698zM10.833.825v1.942c2.659.832 4.584 3.236 4.584 6.196 0 2.959-1.925 5.363-4.584 6.195V17.1c3.667-.832 6.417-4.161 6.417-8.138 0-3.976-2.75-7.305-6.417-8.137z\"\/><\/symbol><symbol id=\"icon-mute\" viewbox=\"0 0 18 18\"><path d=\"M13.125 8.954c0-1.64-.917-3.008-2.292-3.646v2.006l2.292 2.279v-.639zm2.292 0c0 .82-.184 1.641-.459 2.37l1.375 1.368c.642-1.094.917-2.461.917-3.829 0-3.92-2.75-7.201-6.417-8.022v1.915c2.659.911 4.584 3.281 4.584 6.198zM1.942.75L.75 1.935 5.058 6.22H.75v5.47h3.667L9 16.246V10.14l3.942 3.92c-.642.456-1.284.82-2.109 1.094v1.915c1.284-.274 2.384-.82 3.392-1.641l1.833 1.823 1.192-1.185L9 7.861 1.942.75zM9 1.662L7.075 3.576 9 5.49V1.662z\"\/><\/symbol><symbol id=\"icon-share\" viewbox=\"0 0 30 30\"><path d=\"M24.774 11.922l-5.71-5.71A.686.686 0 0 0 18.561 6c-.194 0-.361.07-.502.212a.686.686 0 0 0-.212.502v2.855H15.35c-5.302 0-8.554 1.498-9.76 4.494-.393.997-.59 2.235-.59 3.714 0 1.234.472 2.911 1.416 5.03a26.306 26.306 0 0 0 .268.602c.045.097.093.178.145.245.09.127.193.19.312.19a.326.326 0 0 0 .262-.111.416.416 0 0 0 .095-.279c0-.067-.01-.165-.028-.296a2.307 2.307 0 0 1-.028-.262 18.838 18.838 0 0 1-.056-1.371c0-.751.066-1.424.196-2.019.13-.595.31-1.11.54-1.544.231-.436.528-.81.893-1.127a5.236 5.236 0 0 1 1.176-.775c.42-.2.915-.359 1.484-.474a14.142 14.142 0 0 1 1.717-.24 25.587 25.587 0 0 1 1.958-.067h2.498v2.855c0 .194.07.361.212.502a.687.687 0 0 0 .501.212c.194 0 .361-.07.502-.212l5.71-5.71a.686.686 0 0 0 .212-.502c0-.193-.07-.36-.211-.502z\"\/><\/symbol><symbol id=\"icon-twitter\" viewbox=\"0 0 17 15\"><path d=\"M14.836 2.924a3.45 3.45 0 0 0 1.465-1.92 6.513 6.513 0 0 1-2.118.842A3.263 3.263 0 0 0 11.75.75c-1.84 0-3.332 1.554-3.332 3.47 0 .273.027.538.084.791-2.77-.145-5.225-1.525-6.87-3.626A3.572 3.572 0 0 0 1.18 3.13c0 1.204.589 2.267 1.483 2.89a3.245 3.245 0 0 1-1.51-.434v.043c0 1.682 1.148 3.085 2.675 3.403a3.14 3.14 0 0 1-.88.122c-.214 0-.424-.02-.626-.061.423 1.378 1.655 2.383 3.114 2.41A6.523 6.523 0 0 1 .5 12.94 9.173 9.173 0 0 0 5.61 14.5c6.133 0 9.485-5.29 9.485-9.876 0-.151-.002-.3-.008-.449a6.913 6.913 0 0 0 1.663-1.797 6.453 6.453 0 0 1-1.914.546z\"\/><\/symbol><symbol id=\"icon-youtube\" viewbox=\"0 0 17 15\"><path d=\"M17.75 10.182V3.818S17.75.75 14.734.75H3.264S.25.75.25 3.818v6.364s0 3.068 3.015 3.068h11.47s3.015 0 3.015-3.068M12.398 7.01l-5.73 3.422V3.585l5.73 3.424\"\/><\/symbol><symbol id=\"icon-snapchat\" viewbox=\"0 0 500 500\"><path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M417.93 340.71c-60.61-29.34-70.27-74.64-70.7-78-.52-4.07-1.11-7.27 3.38-11.41 4.33-4 23.54-15.89 28.87-19.61 8.81-6.16 12.69-12.31 9.83-19.87-2-5.23-6.87-7.2-12-7.2a22.3 22.3 0 00-4.81.54c-9.68 2.1-19.08 6.95-24.52 8.26a8.56 8.56 0 01-2 .27c-2.9 0-4-1.29-3.72-4.78.68-10.58 2.12-31.23.45-50.52-2.29-26.54-10.85-39.69-21-51.32C316.8 101.43 294 77.2 250 77.2s-66.77 24.23-71.65 29.8c-10.18 11.63-18.73 24.78-21 51.32-1.67 19.29-.17 39.93.45 50.52.2 3.32-.82 4.78-3.72 4.78a8.64 8.64 0 01-2-.27c-5.43-1.31-14.83-6.16-24.51-8.26a22.3 22.3 0 00-4.81-.54c-5.15 0-10 2-12 7.2-2.86 7.56 1 13.71 9.84 19.87 5.33 3.72 24.54 15.6 28.87 19.61 4.48 4.14 3.9 7.34 3.38 11.41-.43 3.41-10.1 48.71-70.7 78-3.55 1.72-9.59 5.36 1.06 11.24 16.72 9.24 27.85 8.25 36.5 13.82 7.34 4.73 3 14.93 8.34 18.61 6.56 4.53 25.95-.32 51 7.95 21 6.92 33.76 26.47 71 26.47s50.37-19.64 71-26.47c25-8.27 44.43-3.42 51-7.95 5.33-3.68 1-13.88 8.34-18.61 8.65-5.57 19.77-4.58 36.5-13.82 10.63-5.81 4.59-9.45 1.04-11.17z\"\/><path d=\"M444.3 337.26c-2.72-7.4-7.9-11.36-13.8-14.64-1.11-.65-2.13-1.17-3-1.57-1.76-.91-3.56-1.79-5.35-2.72-18.39-9.75-32.75-22.05-42.71-36.63a83.06 83.06 0 01-7.33-13c-.85-2.43-.81-3.81-.2-5.07a8.25 8.25 0 012.35-2.45c3.16-2.09 6.42-4.21 8.63-5.64 3.94-2.55 7.06-4.57 9.07-6 7.55-5.28 12.83-10.89 16.13-17.16a34.17 34.17 0 001.69-28.38c-5-13.16-17.43-21.33-32.49-21.33a44.75 44.75 0 00-9.45 1c-.83.18-1.66.37-2.47.58.14-9-.06-18.5-.86-27.85-2.84-32.87-14.35-50.1-26.35-63.84A105 105 0 00311.37 71C293.16 60.6 272.51 55.32 250 55.32S206.94 60.6 188.71 71a104.62 104.62 0 00-26.84 21.6c-12 13.74-23.51 31-26.35 63.84-.8 9.35-1 18.9-.87 27.85-.81-.21-1.63-.4-2.46-.58a44.75 44.75 0 00-9.45-1c-15.07 0-27.52 8.17-32.5 21.33a34.21 34.21 0 001.65 28.41c3.31 6.27 8.59 11.88 16.14 17.16 2 1.4 5.13 3.42 9.07 6 2.13 1.38 5.24 3.4 8.29 5.42a8.9 8.9 0 012.66 2.67c.64 1.31.66 2.72-.29 5.32a82.29 82.29 0 01-7.21 12.73c-9.74 14.25-23.68 26.33-41.48 36-9.43 5-19.23 8.34-23.37 19.59-3.12 8.49-1.08 18.15 6.85 26.29a39.63 39.63 0 0010 7.57 108.35 108.35 0 0024.47 9.79 16.16 16.16 0 014.94 2.21c2.89 2.53 2.48 6.34 6.33 11.92a27.8 27.8 0 007.24 7.36c8.08 5.58 17.16 5.93 26.78 6.3 8.69.33 18.54.71 29.79 4.42 4.66 1.54 9.5 4.52 15.11 8 13.47 8.28 31.91 19.61 62.77 19.61s49.43-11.39 63-19.7c5.57-3.42 10.38-6.37 14.91-7.87 11.25-3.72 21.1-4.09 29.79-4.42 9.62-.37 18.7-.72 26.78-6.3a27.89 27.89 0 008.24-9c2.77-4.71 2.7-8 5.3-10.3a15.32 15.32 0 014.64-2.12 108.76 108.76 0 0024.8-9.88 39 39 0 0010.5-8.22l.1-.12c7.44-7.96 9.31-17.34 6.26-25.62zM416.87 352c-16.73 9.24-27.85 8.25-36.5 13.82-7.35 4.73-3 14.93-8.34 18.61-6.56 4.53-25.95-.32-51 7.95-20.66 6.83-33.84 26.47-71 26.47S200 399.25 179 392.33c-25-8.27-44.43-3.42-51-7.95-5.33-3.68-1-13.88-8.34-18.61-8.66-5.57-19.78-4.58-36.5-13.77-10.65-5.88-4.61-9.52-1.06-11.24 60.6-29.34 70.27-74.64 70.7-78 .52-4.07 1.1-7.27-3.38-11.41-4.33-4-23.54-15.89-28.87-19.61-8.82-6.16-12.7-12.31-9.84-19.87 2-5.23 6.88-7.2 12-7.2a22.3 22.3 0 014.81.54c9.68 2.1 19.08 6.95 24.51 8.26a8.64 8.64 0 002 .27c2.9 0 3.92-1.46 3.72-4.78-.62-10.59-2.12-31.23-.45-50.52 2.29-26.54 10.84-39.69 21-51.32 4.88-5.59 27.81-29.82 71.66-29.82s66.84 24.13 71.72 29.7c10.17 11.63 18.73 24.78 21 51.32 1.67 19.29.23 39.94-.45 50.52-.23 3.49.82 4.78 3.72 4.78a8.56 8.56 0 002-.27c5.44-1.31 14.84-6.16 24.52-8.26a22.3 22.3 0 014.81-.54c5.15 0 10 2 12 7.2 2.86 7.56-1 13.71-9.83 19.87-5.33 3.72-24.54 15.6-28.87 19.61-4.49 4.14-3.9 7.34-3.38 11.41.43 3.41 10.09 48.71 70.7 78 3.58 1.79 9.62 5.43-1.03 11.36z\"\/><\/symbol><\/svg><main id=\"main\"\/><!--lagardere--><noscript><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/redirect447.tagcommander.com\/utils\/noscript.php?id=5&mode=iframe&content_type=&content_id=&content_level1=&content_level2=&content_level3=\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" rel=\"noindex,nofollow\"><\/iframe><\/noscript><\/body><\/div>\n<p><br \/>\n<br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.europe1.fr\/emissions\/Au-coeur-de-l-histoire\/de-napoleon-a-harry-potter-dou-vient-la-tradition-de-luniforme-a-lecole-4158938\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Source link-59 <\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>ENTREVISTA – Para hablar sobre los uniformes escolares a lo largo de la historia, Virginie Girod recibe a la historiadora Laurence de Cock, doctora en ciencias de la educaci\u00f3n y…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":387550,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[194,673,5247,656,31993,1092,5483,22424,5651],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/magazineoffice.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/387549"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/magazineoffice.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/magazineoffice.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/magazineoffice.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/magazineoffice.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=387549"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/magazineoffice.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/387549\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":387551,"href":"https:\/\/magazineoffice.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/387549\/revisions\/387551"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/magazineoffice.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/387550"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/magazineoffice.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=387549"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/magazineoffice.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=387549"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/magazineoffice.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=387549"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}